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一篇看完!CRE 英文運用 Level 2 攻略|1242 題模擬練習・DSE 豁免|2026

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一篇看完!CRE 英文運用 Level 2 攻略|1242 題模擬練習・DSE 豁免|2026

CRE 英文運用同 DSE English 嘅考法完全不同,四大題型各有套路——特別係 Paragraph Improvement,係唔少英文底子好的考生失分最多的地方。靠語感猜估,過唔到 Level 2。本文用 PickMyQuiz CRE 英文題庫 1242 道模擬題嘅真實數據,拆解邊類題最重、最難,點分配備考時間,並覆蓋 2026 最新報名安排、成績等級同豁免條件。

一、CRE 英文運用 2026 概況

CRE 全稱「綜合招聘考試」(Common Recruitment Examination),由公務員事務局(CSB)統一管理,係投考學位或專業程度公務員職位的必要門檻。CRE 設三份試卷:英文運用(Use of English)、中文運用(Use of Chinese)及能力傾向測試(Aptitude Test),三份可分開考、分開計成績。

英文運用試卷考核考生嘅英語語文能力,包括閱讀理解、語法分析、詞彙運用同篇章改善。全卷 40 道多項選擇題,限時 45 分鐘,成績分為二級(Level 2)、一級(Level 1)或不及格(Fail)。大部分熱門職位(AO、EO 等)要求 Level 2,Level 1 只被部分職系接受。

成績永久有效:CRE 英文運用的 Level 2 或 Level 1 成績永久有效,一旦取得便無須重考,亦不會因往後成績較差而被覆蓋。相比 IELTS 只有兩年有效期,CRE 對長期準備公務員申請的人更划算——且報名完全免費。

二、邊個要考?豁免條件一覽

所有投考學位或專業程度公務員職位的人士,一般都需要在 CRE 英文運用取得相應成績。不過,持有下列公開考試成績者可獲豁免,毋須另考:

公開考試成績 等同等級 有效期
DSE 英國語文科 5 級或以上Level 2永久
DSE 英國語文科 4 級Level 1永久
IELTS 學術模式總分 6.5 或以上(各卷不低於 6 分)Level 2兩年
舊制會考(CE)英文科 C 級或以上Level 2永久
舊制會考(CE)英文科 D 級Level 1永久
豁免 vs 自考哪個好?如果你的 DSE 英文只有 4 級(等同 Level 1),而目標職位要求 Level 2,就必須自考 CRE 英文運用。CRE 免費、成績永久有效,建議盡早考好,唔好只靠 IELTS——IELTS 成績到期就要重考又要花費。

三、考試形式與評分等級

項目 詳情
考試時間45 分鐘
題目數量40 題多項選擇題(MC),四個部分各約 10 題
成績等級二級(Level 2)/ 一級(Level 1)/ 不及格(Fail)
大部分職位要求Level 2(AO、EO、二級翻譯主任等)
考試費用免費
重考次數不限,取歷次最高等級
成績有效期永久有效(一旦達標即終身適用)
扣分制不設扣分,答錯不罰,所有題目都要作答

表面睇,40 題 45 分鐘,平均每題唔到 70 秒,時間壓力唔小。四個部分難度不一:Paragraph Improvement 需要讀完兩篇草稿才能答題,最費時;Error Identification 熟練後速度快,但語法陷阱多。明白各部分特性,考試當日才能合理分配時間。

四、題庫數據:四大題型佔比

以下分析基於 PickMyQuiz CRE 英文運用題庫(QB109)嘅 1242 道模擬選擇題。從題型分佈可以清楚睇到備考應該點分配精力:

題庫總題數
1242
Paragraph Improvement
382 題・31%
Error Identification
330 題・27%

題庫數據揭示一個重要的備考啟示:Paragraph Improvement(31%)同 Error Identification(27%)合計佔整個題庫接近六成,而偏偏呢兩類是最多人感到陌生的題型。Paragraph Improvement 要在時限內讀完草稿文章再判斷句子改善方案,純靠語感唔夠用——需要掌握 coherence、transition word 同 paragraph logic 的套路;Error Identification 表面簡單,但考嘅係細緻語法知識,「No error」選項更是常見陷阱。相比之下,Sentence Completion(217 題,17%)靠詞彙量同語境推理,進步空間最直接。Reading Comprehension 佔餘下約 25%,屬大多數考生的相對強項。

數據透明度聲明:上述題數為 PickMyQuiz CRE 英文運用模擬練習題庫(QB109)之內部分類統計,按題型(Paragraph Improvement、Error Identification、Sentence Completion、Reading Comprehension)劃分,並非官方考試的題目分佈或正確率。本題庫為原創模擬練習題,不含任何官方試卷內容,僅供溫習策略參考。

實戰數據:5 條最多人答錯嘅陷阱題

以下按「同一個錯誤選項被揀次數」排出 5 條真實陷阱題——數字係題庫用戶真實揀咗呢個錯誤答案嘅累積次數。

212 人揀錯 辨認錯處

Identify the part that contains a grammatical error: "A carefully curated collection of artefacts, which were recovered from the subtle shifting sands of the Sahara, demonstrates the advanced metallurgical skills of the local tribes."

✗ 多數人揀:were

✓ 正解:subtle

陷阱位:好多人見到 artefacts(複數)就以為 which were 錯,但 which 修飾嘅正是複數 artefacts,were 其實啱。真正錯嘅係 subtle(微妙嘅)形容唔到 shifting sands,應該用 subtly。出題者刻意用主謂一致陷阱引你揀 were。

162 人揀錯 完成句子

"Disturbed by a sudden crash from the courtyard, David leaned across his desk and looked through the window _______ the source of the commotion." 揀最啱嘅短語。

✗ 多數人揀:to seeing

✓ 正解:to see

陷阱位:呢度個 to 係表示目的嘅不定詞(looked … to see = 望出去為咗睇),後面一定接動詞原形 see。揀 to seeing 嘅人誤以為 to 係介詞(好似 look forward to seeing),所以加咗 -ing。記住:表目的嘅 to 永遠接原形。

155 人揀錯 詞彙辨析

"David was disheartened to discover that the evacuation had been nearly absolute; he found _______ the aged and the infirm remaining in the shelters."

✗ 多數人揀:nothing but

✓ 正解:none but

陷阱位:nothing but = 「只不過、淨係」,但後面跟嘅 the aged and the infirm 係「人」,唔可以用指物嘅 nothing。none but = 「除咗…冇人」,專指人,先至啱。兩個都解「只有」,但 none 指人、nothing 指物,呢個 nuance 就係考你嘅位。

147 人揀錯 辨認錯處(No error)

Identify the error: "Not only the primary researcher but also the extensive collection of case studies, which were compiled over a decade of fieldwork, has significantly complemented the existing policy framework." (or No error)

✗ 多數人揀:were

✓ 正解:No error

陷阱位:which were 修飾嘅係 case studies(複數),所以 were 啱;主句用 not only A but also B 結構,動詞同最近嘅 B(collection,單數)一致,所以 has 都啱。成句根本無錯,正解係 No error。147 人見到 were 喺單數 collection 附近就誤判,冇分清 which 子句同主句各自嘅主語。

120 人揀錯 段落改善

就主謂一致而言,邊個係最佳改寫?原句:"Neither the eminence of the finalists nor the prestige of the prize guarantee a selection…"

✗ 多數人揀:Neither the eminence of the finalists nor the prestige of the prize guarantee a selection, as the contentious 2012 cycle demonstrates to a sceptical public.

✓ 正解:Neither the eminence of the finalists nor the prestige of the prize guarantees a selection, as the contentious 2012 cycle demonstrates to a sceptical public.

陷阱位:neither … nor … 結構,動詞要同最近嘅主語(the prestige of the prize,單數)一致,所以應該係 guarantees。多數人改好咗 demonstrates 就以為搞掂,但漏咗主動詞 guarantee 都要加 s。呢題考你睇唔睇得出「兩個動詞都要改」,唔好淨係改後面嗰個。

數據來源:以上揀錯次數均來自 PickMyQuiz 題庫真實用戶嘅選項選擇記錄,並非官方考試數據或估算。

五、四大題型深度拆解

Part 1:Reading Comprehension(閱讀理解)

提供一至兩篇非技術性英文文章,考生須根據內容回答問題。考核範疇包括:掌握文章大意與核心論點、辨識細節、推斷隱含含義、理解詞彙在語境中的意思,以及辨識段落結構與邏輯連接。

應試策略:先快速瀏覽問題,帶着目的閱讀——用 scan 定位相關段落,唔好逐字逐句。答案通常係原文 paraphrase,唔係逐字引用;遇到生詞用上下文推估,唔好停太久。建議分配約 12–13 分鐘。

Part 2:Error Identification(錯誤辨析)

每題一個句子,四個劃線部分(A、B、C、D),考生須指出哪部分含語文錯誤;若句子無誤則選 E「No error」。常見錯誤類型涵蓋主謂一致、時態一致、介詞搭配、平行結構、懸垂修飾語,以及易混淆詞彙(如 affect/effect、principal/principle)。

常考語法範疇 典型錯誤示例
主謂一致The number of students have increased → has
時態一致He said he will come → would
介詞搭配interested on → in
平行結構She likes reading, swimming and to run → running
懸垂修飾語Walking down the street, the building was impressive(主語與分詞主語不符)

「No error」係最容易踩嘅陷阱——好多考生因為睇唔出錯誤就亂選 E,但其實大部分題目都係有錯嘅。建議逐個劃線部分獨立審查,唔好掃一眼就跳過。

Error Identification 拆題技巧:先睇結構,後睇字眼

呢部分要快又準,靠嘅唔係背晒所有文法規則,而係有一套固定嘅檢查次序。好多人一眼掃過去純靠語感揀,結果中伏;穩陣啲嘅做法,係逐個劃線部分問自己幾條問題,由最常考嘅錯誤類型查起。實戰可以照住下面次序逐句過:

  1. 主謂一致:劃線位係動詞,就返去搵返主語係單數定眾數——尤其「The number of…」「Each of…」「One of…」呢類陷阱主語,動詞要用單數。
  2. 時態與動詞形式:睇句中嘅時間線索(yesterday、since、by next year)同主句時態夾唔夾;報導句(he said…)後面好常考 will,正解係 would。
  3. 介詞搭配:固定搭配最食記憶——interested in、depend on、capable of;劃線係介詞就要特別留神。
  4. 平行與比較結構:被 and、or、than 連住嘅成分,前後詞性同形式要一致(reading, swimming and running,唔係 to run)。
  5. 查唔到錯先揀 No error:唔係睇唔明就揀 E,而係五個部分逐一過晒、確認真係無誤先揀。

呢套次序操熟咗,睇一句平均十幾秒就有答案。練嘅時候唔好淨係對答案,要每題問返自己「錯喺邊個語法範疇」,落手嗰刻就會直接跳到對應嘅檢查點。

Part 3:Sentence Completion(句子填充)

每題一個含一至兩個空格的句子,從四個選項中揀最合適答案。考核詞彙量、語義理解、語法結構(動詞形式、連接詞、關係代名詞)同邏輯推理。雙空格題先確定其中一格,再用排除法縮窄選擇。注意轉折詞(however、nevertheless)同因果詞(therefore、consequently)——它們決定了空格應填正面定負面含義的詞。

Part 4:Paragraph Improvement(段落改善)

提供兩篇草稿文章,考生須判斷如何改善文章:包括選擇更清晰嘅表達方式、合併句子、添加或刪除句子、選擇最合適嘅過渡詞,以及調整段落結構。呢個部分需要讀完兩篇文章先答題,係四類型中最費時的,建議預留 13–15 分鐘,考前要先練快速通讀嘅節奏。

時間分配警告:Paragraph Improvement 係最多人「答唔完」嘅部分。如果前三個部分用時過多,最後呢部分就會時間不夠,但佢佔全卷約四分之一題數。建議考前計時練習,強迫自己嚴守每個部分嘅時限。

六、報名方法與考試安排

CRE 一年舉辦兩至三輪,全部透過公務員事務局考試系統(csbexam.gov.hk)網上報名,不接受郵寄或傳真。報名程序:開設個人帳戶或登入 → 選擇「綜合招聘考試(CRE)」→ 提交申請 → 留意確認電郵同准考證。考試免費,名額有限,報名期開放後應盡快提交。

輪次 暫定考試日期 暫定報名期
2026 年第一輪暫定 2026 年 6 月 6 日暫定 2026 年 3 月 28 日至 4 月 10 日
2026 年第二輪暫定 2026 年 10 月 3 日待公布

考試當日注意事項:攜帶有效香港身份證正本;提早 30 分鐘到達考場;不得攜帶電子裝置進入試場;答錯不扣分,所有題目應盡量作答。具體安排以公務員事務局(csb.gov.hk)官方公告為準。

七、高效溫習策略

策略一:先搞清楚四個部分的考法差異

CRE 英文運用同 DSE English 考法完全不同,唔好假設自己熟 DSE 就等於識應付。建議入手先做一套完整 40 題嘅模擬練,了解四個部分各自的難度同節奏,再針對弱項集中練習。題庫數據顯示 Paragraph Improvement 題量最多(31%),但大部分人最少練呢類——呢個優先補充的理由最強。

策略二:Error Identification 靠語法知識,唔係語感

Error Identification 係靠直覺最容易踩坑的部分。語感強嘅人反而容易「讀落去覺得通順」而忽略語法錯誤。建議系統性複習主謂一致、時態、介詞搭配、平行結構呢幾個高頻考點,操夠題才能訓練出「逐格審查」嘅習慣,而唔係靠一次掃視。

策略三:Sentence Completion 靠詞彙量積累,要提前建庫

詞彙量係呢個部分嘅硬基礎,靠臨急抱佛腳係唔得。建議每日接觸英文閱讀材料(SCMP、The Economist),特別留意連接詞、轉折詞同固定搭配(collocations)。操題時唔好淨係標答案,要搞清楚每個錯誤選項錯在哪裡。

策略四:計時模擬,強迫自己嚴守時限

40 題 45 分鐘——每題平均 67 秒,但 Paragraph Improvement 每題實際要用更多時間。考前至少做 2–3 次完整計時模擬試,建立時間感。參考時間分配:Reading Comprehension 12–13 分鐘、Error Identification 8–10 分鐘、Sentence Completion 8–10 分鐘、Paragraph Improvement 13–15 分鐘。

策略五:操題為主,配合錯題重溫鎖定弱點

與其重複溫習自己已熟嘅部分,不如把時間集中喺錯題上。PickMyQuiz 題庫有錯題重溫功能,可以針對你做錯嘅題型加強練習。建議操滿 800 題以上,對四大題型都建立起足夠嘅題感,先去 attempt 正式考試。

八、常見失分陷阱

最常見嘅失分位:
  • Paragraph Improvement 未讀完草稿文章就急於答題,導致判斷偏差
  • Error Identification 掃一眼「覺得通順」就選 E(No error),但實際有語法錯誤
  • Sentence Completion 只看空格前後一兩個詞,忽略整句邏輯同轉折詞
  • 時間分配失當——在 Reading Comprehension 或 Error Identification 超時,令 Paragraph Improvement 來不及作答
  • 遇到難題停留太久而唔去跳過,浪費後面題目的時間

呢些失分陷阱有一個共通點:都係考試場上的操作習慣問題,唔係純粹英語水平問題。模擬考試嘅作用正係逼你暴露呢些操作習慣上的盲點,考前唔練等於浪費備考時間。

九、CRE 英文運用常見問題(FAQ)

Q1:CRE 英文運用 Level 2 大約等於什麼英語程度?

Level 2 大致等同於 IELTS 學術模式 6.5 分(各卷不低於 6 分),或 DSE 英國語文科 5 級的水平。以大學畢業生的英語基礎,認真備考 3–5 周通常可以達到 Level 2。但要留意:達到呢個英語「程度」,唔代表考試技巧到位——四大題型各有套路,一定要針對性練習。

Q2:CRE 英文運用不及格可以重考嗎?重考有次數限制嗎?

可以,不限重考次數。考生可在下一輪報名時重新申請,而且已取得的最高成績永久保留,不會因為往後重考成績較差而被覆蓋。重考等待時間通常係下一輪考試,約 3–6 個月,所以第一次盡量備足先考。

Q3:CRE 英文運用答錯會扣分嗎?

不設扣分制,只計算答對題數。即使唔確定答案,也應該盡量猜測作答,絕對唔好留空——留空等同送走一分,而猜測至少有機會答中。

Q4:應該考 CRE 還是考 IELTS?

兩者各有優勢。CRE 完全免費、成績永久有效,但每年只有兩至三次考試機會,考試形式(四大 MC 題型)需要針對性備考。IELTS 考期靈活、幾乎每周都有,但費用約 HK$2,100–2,300,且成績只有兩年有效期,長遠計不斷重考費用不菲。如果目標是長期投考公務員,考取 CRE Level 2 是更划算的選擇。

Q5:備考要幾耐?哪個部分最值得花時間?

視乎英語基礎。DSE English 4 級左右的考生建議預留 5–6 周,每日練習 45–60 分鐘;基礎較好(DSE 5 級或以上水平)的人 3–4 周密集練習通常足夠。最值得投入時間的部分按優先次序:Paragraph Improvement(題量最多、技巧最陌生)→ Error Identification(語法系統溫習)→ Sentence Completion(詞彙積累)。Reading Comprehension 屬大多數人的相對強項,但仍需計時練習。

Q6:CRE 英文運用同中文運用、能力傾向測試係咪一定要一次過考?

不需要。CRE 三份試卷可以分開報考、分開計成績。如果你已獲豁免英文運用(例如 DSE 英文 5 級),只需考中文運用同能力傾向測試;或者三份試卷分三次考也完全可以。建議根據自己的準備進度逐份報考,避免一次三份壓力過大。

Q7:考試當日有什麼要注意?

帶備有效香港身份證正本(唔接受身份證副本或其他證件);提早最少 30 分鐘到達考場;不得攜帶任何電子裝置進入試場;考試準時開始,不設遲到安排。答題時,遇到難題先跳過,完成所有題目後再回頭,確保有時間作答所有 40 題。

Q8:PickMyQuiz 的 CRE 英文題庫包含哪些內容?題目有解析嗎?

PickMyQuiz CRE 英文運用題庫(QB109)現有 1242 道模擬選擇題,涵蓋 Paragraph Improvement、Error Identification、Sentence Completion 三大核心題型,另設 Reading Comprehension 題組。每題附解析,說明正確答案的語法依據或邏輯思路。App 版本支援錯題重溫同 AI 出題,針對薄弱環節加強練習;線上題庫版本可免費瀏覽部分題目。

用 PickMyQuiz 操 1242 題 CRE 英文運用模擬題

Paragraph Improvement・Error Identification・Sentence Completion 全覆蓋,附解析同錯題重溫。免費下載,隨時隨地備考。

本文由秒背 PickMyQuiz 題庫團隊整理,題庫數據來源:PickMyQuiz CRE 英文運用模擬練習題庫 QB109(1242 題)。考試制度、報名安排及評分標準以公務員事務局(csb.gov.hk)官方公告為準。本題庫為原創模擬練習,不含任何官方試卷內容。

文章練習題(10題)

題目來自同分類題庫,作答後才顯示對錯。

1. [1] As anyone who has explored the archipelago's culinary landscape can attest, Filipino food represents an intriguing, complex blend of flavours. [2] Due to centuries of interaction with various nations, it's cuisine is marked by distinct influences from Austronesia, Spain, China, and the United States. [3] Some typical dishes including pancit, longganisa, lumpia, and the ubiquitous adobo. [4] For example, one could find everything from Spanish-inspired paella to Chinese-style spring rolls if you walked into a traditional eatery in Manila. [5] Another significant compound of the local food scene is the vibrant culture of street food. [6] These offerings include an array of fried delicacies, such as saba bananas, battered quail eggs, and various vegetable fritters. [7] Taho, a popular morning staple, consists of fresh soft silken tofu, arnibal, and sago pearls. [8] Furthermore, no survey of the cuisine would be complete without mentioning desserts like halo-halo. [9] With such a diverse spectrum of textures and cooking styles, there is certain to be something to satisfy every discerning gourmand. Which of the following topics, if formulated into a sentence, would provide the most logical and cohesive extension to the passage's current scope and thematic structure?

multiple_choice

2. [1] One such classic model of regional cuisine is found within the American South, a region where culinary traditions serve as historical vestiges. [2] Although staples like gumbo, pit-smoked barbecue, and buttermilk fried chicken have achieved national widespread presence, these offerings were historically confined to the sub-tropical latitudes south of the Mason-Dixon line. [3] This distinct culinary identity emerged from a complex confluence of Native American agricultural practices, Scottish preservation techniques, and Cajun aromatics; however, the most deep architectural influence on the Southern taste originated from the enslaved African population. [4] A diverse array of preparations, including stone-ground cornbread, lima bean succotash, and slow-simmered cruciferous greens, all hail from this specific geographic crucible. [5] For instance, botanical specimens such as okra, black-eyed peas, and sorghum were not merely introduced but systematically cultivated by these forced migrants, fundamentally altering the agrarian landscape. [6] Consequently, 'soul food'—a name that remains a subject of nuanced debate among contemporary chefs—proliferated through black-owned establishments, transitioning from domestic kitchens to the public sphere. [7] Forged in an environment of cultural friction and systemic adversity, it is perhaps inevitable that Southern cuisine persists as a complex and intellectually dense culinary narrative today. In order to improve the logical progression and thematic cohesion of the passage, where should Sentence 4 be relocated?

multiple_choice

3. The resident pod of dolphins **at the** marine research facility, **along with** several of the more recently rehabilitated specimens, **do** not typically elicit **much** enthusiasm from the visiting researchers during the nocturnal observation periods.

multiple_choice

4. Identify which of the underlined parts in the following sentence contains a grammatical error. If there is no error, select the option for 'No error'. **Having inhaled the aromatic scent** of the cookies her roommate **had been baking** since noon, it **was** an exceptionally arduous task for Sarah **to focus on her complex biochemistry assignment**.

multiple_choice

5. The dissertation committee, having ________ the underlying policy framework as fundamentally ________, subsequently ________ a comprehensive restructuring of the entire argumentative trajectory to ensure academic rigor.

multiple_choice

6. Identify which of the underlined parts in the following sentence contains a grammatical error. If there is no error, select 'No error'. **Since David invited** us over for what he termed a 'gastronomic odyssey' at **his** new residence, I **don't doubt** **but** that his culinary ambition far exceeds his actual ability to even poach an egg correctly.

multiple_choice

7. The philanthropic donation, **along with** several anonymous **contributions, are** cited as **the primary reason why** the metropolitan **opera remained open** throughout the fiscal crisis.

multiple_choice

8. Identify which of the **bold** portions in the following sentence contains a grammatical error: The **unprecedented collection** of vintage footwear and leather accessories **are** currently housed in the west wing, the structural integrity of the **closet's** heavy oak door **having been** compromised by the excessive humidity **attributable** to the torrential rainfall this season.

multiple_choice

9. [1] While the complex artist Man Ray has arguably not achieved the widespread household recognition of contemporaries such as Picasso or Dalí, his avant-garde contributions to the trajectory of 20th-century aesthetics nevertheless remain foundational. [2] Particularly influential in the development of Surrealism and Dadaism, Man Ray consistently challenged the traditional boundaries between commercial art and fine art. [3] Spanning a wide range of media including painting, sculpture, and film, his most distinctive legacy involves the 'rayograph', a cameraless photographic technique that he himself named. [4] Born in Pennsylvania and later becoming a central figure in the expatriate circles of Paris, Man Ray produced work that often reflected a synthesis of American industrialism and European intellectualism. [5] Furthermore, his experimentation with 'readymades' and fabric collages prefigured many postmodernist sensibilities. In the context of the passage, which of the following best revises Sentence 3 to eliminate its dangling modifier?

multiple_choice

10. Identify which part of the following sentence contains an error. If there is no error, select 'No error'. **Having spun** around to face the intruder, **a cry of recognition** was **stifled** by David as he **struggled to reconcile** the figure's presence with the locked door.

multiple_choice

試做題(精選)

題庫來源: CRE英文運用 - 極致好用的CRE Use of English 題目練習

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1
1 Contemporary conservation strategies employ diverse methodologies to lessen growing threats to global biodiversity. 2 Currently, the spread of invasive species has become a widespread phenomenon. 3 This ecological disruption transpires when a non-native species of flora or fauna is introduced, whether accidentally or intentionally, into a novel environment. 4 Certain invasive species, such as kudzu, Asian carp, and zebra mussels, catalyse systemic degradation. 5 Habitats face total collapse and regional economies suffer catastrophic losses due to the harmful impacts of species that may be harmless or even prized as ornamental specimens in their native ecosystems. 6 A primary case in point involves the introduction of rabbits to Australia. 7 Transported in the 1780s via British penal colony vessels and reaching plague proportions following an 1859 release, these lagomorphs decimated millions of dollars in agricultural yields. 8 Modern interventions include pheromone-based sequestration for insect pests and advanced genetic engineering to induce male-only progeny in invasive carp, thus curtailing reproductive viability. 9 Given the unremitting nature of global commerce and transit, however, it remains a formidable challenge to preemptively assess the ecological fallout of species introduced to non-native locales. Which of the following versions most effectively combines and streamlines Sentences 2 and 3 while maintaining a formal, academic tone and eliminating vocabulary redundancy?
AThe proliferation of invasive species, a ubiquitous phenomenon occurring when a non-native species of flora or fauna is introduced into a novel environment.
BCurrently, the proliferation of invasive species is a ubiquitous phenomenon; this occurs when a non-native species of flora or fauna is introduced into a novel environment.
CThe proliferation of invasive species—the introduction of non-native flora or fauna into a novel environment—has become a ubiquitous phenomenon.
DCurrently, the ubiquitous phenomenon of invasive species occurs when non-native flora or fauna are introduced into a novel environment, which is proliferating.
EBeing a ubiquitous phenomenon, the proliferation of invasive species occurs when a non-native species of flora or fauna is introduced into a novel environment.
2
**Advocating** for a systemic shift **in the manner by which** the curriculum **be administered**, David attempted to galvanize his peers and incentivize **them** to petition the board for a comprehensive structural overhaul.
Athem
BAdvocating
CNo error
Din the manner by which
Ebe administered
3
(1) The persistent escalation of retail shrinkage necessitates a rigorous re-evaluation of current anti-theft protocols. (2) Conventional deterrents—ranging from radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags embedded within high-value apparel to the deployment of 'spider wraps' that trigger acoustic alarms upon tampering—constitute the primary line of defence for most commercial enterprises. (3) Nevertheless, the efficacy of these mechanical barriers is frequently compromised by the ingenuity of offenders who utilise magnetic detachers or shielded bags to circumvent electronic article surveillance systems. (4) Beyond physical hardware, retailers have increasingly relied on environmental design, such as expansive sightlines and the strategic positioning of personnel, to reduce risk. (5) However, the proliferation of self-checkout technologies has introduced a unstable variable: the 'honesty gap,' where the absence of human oversight unintentionally incentivises opportunistic larceny. (6) Ultimately, while technological and logistical fortifications are essential, a truly systemic resolution may require a transition from reactive policing to a proactive examination of the socioeconomic drivers of theft, suggesting that more robust social safety nets could address the desperation that often precedes the act. Which of the following best characterises the primary objective of the author in this passage?
ATo provide a comprehensive manual on the mechanical vulnerabilities of modern retail security systems.
BTo argue that the evolution of anti-shoplifting technology has been rendered obsolete by the rise of self-service retail models.
CTo evaluate the limitations of contemporary retail security measures while advocating for a broader sociological approach to prevention.
DTo document the historical shift in retail loss prevention from human surveillance to automated electronic deterrents.
ETo analyse the psychological motives of opportunistic shoplifters in high-stakes commercial environments.
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