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On a 1:25 000 topographic map of a coastal area in Hong Kong, the contour interval is 20 m. Point A lies on a ridge at 180 m; point B is on the coastline due south of A at 0 m. The straight-line distance between A and B is 6 cm. Near B the contours are very closely spaced and hug the coast, below which stands an almost vertical rock wall. Using the scale, grid and contour evidence, which interpretation of the slope between A and B is most accurate?

The real horizontal distance is about 1.5 km and the average gradient about 1:8; convert distance with the scale first, then divide height difference by distance.

The real horizontal distance is about 0.6 km and the average gradient about 1:3.

Contour spacing is irrelevant to gradient; map colour shading alone can determine the slope.

Because the height difference reaches 180 m, the whole A–B section must be a cliff, and distance need not be calculated.

Figure 1 is a 1:25 000 topographic map extract of a coastal rural area in Hong Kong. Point A lies at grid reference 234 678 with a spot height of 180 m; Point B lies at grid reference 238 674 with a spot height of 40 m. Measured by the scale, the horizontal straight-line distance between A and B is about 500 m. Based on the above data, which judgement about the ground from A to B is most correct?

From A to B the ground falls 140 m, average gradient about 1:3.6, sloping towards the southeast

From A to B the average gradient is about 1:36, a very gentle slope

From A to B the ground rises 140 m, sloping towards the northwest

Contours cannot give height difference; only GPS can determine the gradient

On a 1:25 000 topographic map of a coastal country park, Point A is at a hilltop with an elevation of 300 m; Point B is at the foot of the slope near the coast with an elevation of 50 m. The horizontal distance between A and B is 1 250 m. Which of the following best describes the average gradient between A and B?

About 1:25

About 1:50

About 1:5

About 1:2

On a topographic map with a scale of 1:25 000, the contour interval is 20 m and each grid square represents an actual distance of 1 km. The following data are available for two locations A and B in a coastal area of Sai Kung: A student wants to describe the relative position and relief of A and B. Which description is the most appropriate?

B lies to the northeast of A, but stated by grid reference only, without using the scale to convert real distance or the contours for height difference

The contours around B are denser, so B must be more dangerous than A, with no need to measure horizontal distance

Only reads the two heights, about 20 m for A and 160 m for B, without stating direction, distance or gradient

B lies to the northeast of A, about 4.5 km apart in a straight line, with a height difference of about 140 m; from the scale and contours the average gradient is about 1:32

A 1:50 000 topographic map shows an inland river valley. The river flows from grid square 32-58 (bed at 120 m) to grid square 36-54 (bed at 40 m). At grid square 34-56 the channel bends sharply: on the concave bank contours are closely spaced with a steep slope, while on the convex bank contours are widely spaced with broad flat lowland. Combining grid reference, flow direction and contour evidence, which interpretation is most valid?

The river flows from south-east to north-west, and the bend at 34-56 is merely accidental.

The widely spaced contours on the convex bank show it suffers the strongest erosion.

The bend alone proves an oxbow lake has formed, with no need for other evidence.

The river flows from north-west to south-east (confirmed by the fall from 120 m to 40 m); grid square 34-56 is a meander, with lateral erosion on the concave bank and deposition forming a slip-off slope on the convex bank.

On a 1:50 000 map of the Pearl River Delta, Station P lies at grid reference 152 340 and Logistics Park Q lies at grid reference 180 351. The straight-line distance between P and Q is measured as 6 cm. Based on the scale and grid references, which judgement is most correct?

The real distance is about 6 km, and Q lies to the northeast of P

The real distance is about 3 km, and Q lies to the northwest of P

The real distance is about 30 km, and Q lies to the northeast of P

The real straight-line distance between P and Q is about 3 km, and Q lies to the northeast of P

Table 1 shows the locational conditions of three candidate Asian cities (A, B, C) for a multinational technology firm to set up a chip-design research and development centre: The firm is setting up a chip-design R&D centre, not a large assembly plant, and finally chooses City A. Which of the following best explains this decision?

City A has the highest average wage, which directly lowers the firm's production cost

An R&D centre is a footloose industry, mainly attracted by high-quality labour and agglomeration economies

Chip design needs large amounts of raw materials and energy, and City A has the most stable supply

City A has the most direct flight routes, reflecting the cheapest industrial land rent

Table 1 shows the locational conditions of three candidate sites of a steel enterprise in the Mainland. Steel-making is a heavy industry with high transport costs and a raw-material/market orientation. Which of the following best explains why Site A has the highest annual steel output value?

A has the highest land-rent index (100), reflecting that its transport cost is the lowest

A has the highest average wage (5 200 yuan), meaning its labour cost is the lowest

C is farthest from the hub (120 km), so it has the lowest transport cost and the best location

A is only 5 km from the transport hub, giving the lowest cost for bringing in raw materials and shipping out products and the highest market accessibility, hence the highest output value (32.0 billion yuan)

Table 1 shows the locational conditions of three candidate sites considered by a Chinese steel firm. The firm relies on imported iron ore as its main raw material, and its products (construction steel) mainly supply coastal city markets. The firm finally chose the coastal site A. Which best explains this decision?

Site A has the richest local iron ore, greatly cutting raw-material transport costs.

Site B is near the old mine, so its raw-material cost is lowest and it must be best.

Site A is close to a deep-water port, easing iron-ore import and sea export of products, giving the lowest total transport cost while staying near coastal markets.

Site C is nearest the consumer city, so transport cost must be lowest and raw-material source can be ignored.

A river valley in the northeastern New Territories (scale 1:20 000, contour interval 20 m). For the two valley sides: the west slope rises from the river bank (~20 m) to the ridge (~140 m) over a horizontal distance of ~1.2 km; the east slope rises from the same bank to a ridge of equal height over ~0.4 km. To compare the steepness of the two slopes while avoiding treating a single piece of data as a complete explanation, which analysis is the most appropriate?

Just count how many contours each slope has to decide which is steeper, without considering horizontal distance

Use both the horizontal distance and the contour height difference of each slope to compute the average gradient (west ~1:10, east ~1:3.3), concluding that the east slope is steeper

Judge which slope is steeper by eye from the shading on either side of the valley

Treat the ridge height of 140 m as the sole factor determining gradient, with no need to compare horizontal distance

On a 1:10 000 land-use map of a new town in Hong Kong, public housing estates cluster around grid square 22-40, right beside the railway station; industrial land lies on the downstream lowland at grid square 26-36; the legend shows a green buffer separating the residential and industrial areas; the railway station sits between the residential zone and the commercial core. Using grid-reference, location evidence and land-use data, which interpretation is most valid?

The industrial zone lies downstream purely because land there is the most expensive.

Since the residential colour covers the largest area, that zone must have the highest population density.

The public housing beside the station (22-40) reflects transport-oriented planning, while the green buffer separates housing from industry to reduce pollution impacts.

The commercial core is far from the station, so the town has the poorest accessibility.

Figure 1 is an extract from a 1:25 000 topographic map of a coastal hilly study area, where each grid square represents 1 km on the ground. During fieldwork a student recorded two survey stations: - Station A: grid reference easting 38, northing 72, height 120 m - Station B: grid reference easting 41, northing 72, height 30 m The horizontal straight-line distance between A and B is 3 km (i.e. 3000 m). The student calculates the average gradient along the line AB. Which statement best describes the average gradient and the slope direction between A and B?

About 1:33, with the land rising from A to B

About 1:3, indicating a very steep slope

About 1:33, with the land descending from A to B

About 1:100, a very gentle slope

A group of students carry out fieldwork along a stretch of the Sai Kung coast. The topographic map they use has a scale of 1:20 000 and a contour interval of 20 m. From coastal viewpoint A (grid reference 3725, elevation 0 m) to summit B (grid reference 3927, elevation 160 m), the straight-line horizontal distance between the two points is 400 m. Which of the following is the most accurate calculation of the mean gradient between A and B?

About 1:250, a very gentle slope

About 1:12.5, a gentle slope

About 2.5:1, a steep slope

About 1:2.5, a steep slope

Figure 1 is an extract from a 1:50 000 topographic map of a river valley with a contour interval of 20 m. Bridge P, where the road crosses the river, and Waterfall Q are marked. Based on the contour patterns and the information shown, which statement best describes the direction of river flow and the evidence for it?

The river flows from south-west to north-east, because the apex of the contour V points downstream, that is, towards Waterfall Q.

The river flows from north-east to south-west, because the channel bends become more pronounced towards the south-west, and the apex of the contour V points downstream.

The direction cannot be determined, because a topographic map only shows contour heights and does not mark the direction of flow with arrows.

The river flows from north-east to south-west, because where the contours cross the valley the apex of the V points north-east towards the higher ground, that is, upstream.

On a 1:25 000 coastal topographic map, point A is 80 m above sea level and point B is 20 m above sea level; the two points are linked by a coastal footpath and measure 2 cm apart on the map. Based on the above, which of the following best describes the average gradient between A and B?

About 1:8, i.e. a drop of 1 m for every 8 m of horizontal distance

About 1:6

About 1:42

About 1:4

A 1:25 000 topographic map of Hong Kong shows a rural road built along a hillside, with a contour interval of 20 m. Two points are indicated: - Junction T: at grid square 624 318, spot height 80 m. - Viewpoint U: at grid square 630 312, spot height 200 m. - The straight-line map distance between T and U is 3.4 cm. Which of the following best describes the section from T to U?

U lies south-east of T, but the actual straight-line distance is about 4.0 km.

U lies north-west of T, the actual distance is about 1.0 km, and the land rises from T to U.

The land falls about 120 m from T to U, and the gradient is very gentle.

U lies south-east of T; converting by the scale, the actual straight-line distance is about 1.0 km, and the land rises about 120 m from T to U.

In a land-use planning scenario for a Hong Kong new town (scale 1:25 000), the industrial area lies at grid reference 2418, immediately beside an east–west railway; the public housing estate lies at grid reference 2620, about 1.5 km apart. Which judgement best uses both specific evidence and locational concepts?

Merely says the industrial area is 'in the lower-left of the map', without citing grid reference or legend

Asserts the housing estate must have been built earlier than the industrial area, though the map shows no time data

Cites grid 2418 and the adjacent railway, noting the industrial area is sited along the railway for ease of freight transport, and uses the legend to distinguish land uses

Cites only grid 2418, but does not use the legend or scale to explain the locational reason

Figure 1 is an extract from a 1:20 000 topographic map of a hilly area in Hong Kong. A student studying slope stability wants to observe survey marker B on the opposite hillside from viewpoint A: - Viewpoint A: height 80 m - Survey marker B: height 150 m - Between A and B, and lying on the line AB, is a ridge whose highest point reaches 200 m Based on the contours and the heights above, which judgement on whether A can see B, with its reasoning, is correct?

Cannot be seen, because a ridge (200 m) higher than both points lies between A and B and blocks the line of sight

Can be seen, because B (150 m) is higher than A (80 m)

Cannot be seen, because the two points are too far apart

Can be seen, because the ridge is not on the same line as AB

Table 1 shows the operating data of a port city in South China before and after the opening of a "sea–rail–road" intermodal hub. Which of the following best explains the intermodal benefits reflected in Table 1?

The fall in lorry flow around the terminal is purely because the government banned lorries from the urban area

Rail's share rose from 12% to 41%; sea–rail intermodal transport links different modes into a coherent network, cutting transhipment time and enlarging the reachable hinterland

The shorter transhipment time is entirely due to more container ships and has nothing to do with the intermodal network

The rise from 26 to 47 reachable cities merely reflects population growth in the hinterland, unrelated to transport-node connectivity

Table 1 shows the transport conditions of three sites in a new development area in Hong Kong: Which of the following best explains why Site A has the highest accessibility?

Site A has the highest flow, so it must be the only transport hub in the area

Site A relies on the ferry alone, which already guarantees the highest accessibility

Site B has the longest travel time, proving B actually has the best network connectivity

Site A has the shortest travel time to the CBD and connects 4 transport modes; multimodal interchange raises accessibility, giving the highest passenger flow